ISuppli: Chinese medical electronics industry is extremely robust growth

Government incentives to promote the industry in 2013 continues expansion

According to iSuppli Corporation, the Chinese Government's massive investment in the healthcare industry, from 2009 to 2013 for the medical electronics equipment sales grow strongly.

2009 China medical electronics sales will increase 18.2% from 33 billion in 2008 increased to 39 billion.

The next few years will maintain this momentum, the compound annual growth rate will reach 21% 2013 rising to 86 million.

China April release of the health system reform to Central and local Government to the medical industry investment 8500 billion (approximately US $ 1241).

According to China's Ministry of finance, including about 818 million will be used to expand the social health insurance, the remaining 423 billion will be used to subsidize the hospital reform.

Social health insurance coverage, as well as diagnosis and treatment of conditions improve, it is expected that the demand for medical services will increase.

This will lead to Government medical equipment procurement for sustained growth, used equipment junior hospital.

UBS (UBS) investment sector estimates that one-third of the hospital benefits, equivalent to 141 million, will be used for junior hospital purchase of new medical equipment.

Even if the implementation of this policy, this lag 141 billion will promote the medical device industry 20% growth per year. It can be expected in the next three years in the medical electronics market annual growth rate of more than 25%.

In addition, for the medical electronics industry innovative research and development activities of 4 billion yuan (about 5839 billion) investment in China's economic stimulus plan.

In 2008, in China's overall medical electronics market, including ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), x-ray and CT systems, imaging devices around 8.61 billion, accounting for 26.1%, is the largest single share.

Consumer medical electronic devices, mainly blood and other portable devices, there are many medical electronic equipment manufacturers of business focus.

In 2008, the operating income of $ 1.54 billion. Patient monitor sales will in the coming year remain strong growth in 2008-2013 of the compound annual growth rate will reach 18.5%.

Due to the technology and the investment threshold is high, complex high-end medical electronic systems consist of a large international manufacturers in occupies.

China's domestic medical electronics industry from small start-up companies, must be committed to outsourcing services, or you must be its international counterparts to narrow and Lite. The following dynamic strengthened the trend: the market focus is shifted from the big city and the third line of the second line, these areas to cities afford a middle medical electronic devices.

This dynamic in turn stimulate the portable electronic medical equipment sales.

Due to the portable device focused on individual customers and small medical institutions, function and accuracy requirements are lower, but need more flexibility. Therefore, these portable devices of small dimensions, low weight and low power consumption make it very popular.

Mobile phone-medical device research and development of the "new" sound capture one (1)

Today, the people of developing countries have a cell phone has become commonplace.

Third generation mobile (3 g mobile phone) unveiled the phone this convenient communications tool transformed into a multifunctional machines, including some computer functions, such as 3 g mobile phone with wireless Internet access, access to information; TV features, such as watching TV news, sports play-by-play, movies, MP3 functionality such as listen to all kinds of music programmes etc. In addition, some medical device manufacturers are actively developing mobile-medical devices.

You can use as a laboratory machine for cell phone

Sony-Ericsson company is developing a mobile portable medical laboratory machine.

It is like a small hospital laboratory. Just take the patient a drop of blood, saliva or urine sample, drops, such as the phone back cover within the chip, a short time can be measured in patients with CD4 cell count, T lymphocyte counts, so as to determine whether the patient is HIV (HIV) infection.

It is reported that the phone uses the super wide angle lens-free cell detection order platform technology (LUCAS), its use of Ultrashort Blu-ray irradiated samples (such as blood, saliva samples) to make cell count interpretation.

Phone with a computer chip, in a very short time to get test results. This mobile phone-type testing machine can be used to detect such as malaria (judging by RBC readings), AIDS (by CD4 cells, T lymphocyte readings and other testing results judging) and women pregnancy and many other uses.

Sony-Ericsson technology officer said, as long as the increase in the cost of $ 50 will be a regular mobile phone for type testing machine.

This new mobile phone on rural doctors and the majority of patients have a strong practical use value.

May at any time to monitor heart mobile phone

United States many thousands of patients with coronary heart disease, coronary heart disease patients most afraid of is a stay at home when sudden cardiac infarction, because there is no help and delayed medical treatment.

To resolve this issue, the United States horse Wurzburg University medical device development centre of scientific and technological personnel think cell phones. They are ordinary mobile phone with an electronic device of Riga, the mobile phone named as "smart phone" (Smart Cell Phone). Will this modified cell phone on my chest, in patients with coronary heart disease is readily monitor patient's heartbeat. Once the heartbeat signal exception occurred is mobile monitoring to proactively set in the phone's alarm will emit a beep signal, so the first time informed the community hospital doctor, the medical personnel arrive home for emergency patients. This mobile phone has been in the United States market, and has promoted the use in California. The results showed that the purchase and use of smart phones, mortality in patients with coronary heart disease decreased by 60 percent.

Smart phone market is very welcome in patients with coronary heart disease.

Affected by this encouraged by United States horse Wurzburg University researchers are developing a second-generation direct transfer of new mobile diagnostic images. According to the researchers, the University is developing a new cell phone through conductors and b-machine-phase connection and which image is sent to the distant Medical Center. Medical Center of experts in on cell phone send to image interpretation after diagnosis of the disease situation and feedback to local doctors. It can transport Diagnostics new mobile future images will have broad market prospects.

Cell phone make up diagnostic instruments

According to the World Health Organization published a report on the global about 75 per cent of those who have never trained x-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET and other modern electronic diagnostic equipment checks.

Many developing countries people as not done x-ray, even got tuberculosis is unknown until the symptoms get worse before they get medical treatment. On the other hand, some developing countries hospital in purchasing these electronic diagnostic equipment took big price when, in order to recover the costs and fees for the diagnosis of references to very high, which in turn affects low income patients do equipment diagnosis.

Technical standard for the front line medical information market pave the way for today

"If the cart is also in front of the horse, the horse can walk poodle?" in 2005, the United States healthcare information and management society (HIMSS) is China's medical information.

However, 5 years later, China medical information is better than before. Chinese Hospital Association information management Committee (CHIMA) Chairman will Martin Leung pointed out: "currently Chinese medical information rendering rapid development, both for domestic and foreign manufacturers or medical institution concerned is a rare opportunity. ”

Technical standards to pave the way forward

Expo with HIMSS seminars and training sessions organised by the Chinese medical information development of the main topics.

Deputy Minister of health at the meeting that the yinli Ministry of health is planning to develop Chinese medical information development of relevant standards, has formulated the basic structure of inhabitants of health records and data standards, hospital electronic case basic framework and data standards, and a series of health information standards, procedures and management methods, which work as medical institutions and health managers to share health information between resources laid the Foundation.

At the same time, the Ministry of health also speed up the construction of the national health information, including research and development of the next five-year health information development planning, participation in major national health information project, strengthen underlying health informatization pilot, etc.

In the seminar, Lee covers listed the Obama administration in medical information of some measures he considers these measures are worth learning from China.

In the United States, there is a set of standards for all medical information of products certified for compliance with the standards of the products before they can enter the market, and the hospital uses a standards-compliant products to get government funding; in addition, hospitals must also implement medical information product "effective application", the Government on the application of the "effective" measure taken 23 standard, only meet the criteria of article 23 of the Government will be another part of the financial subsidies to the hospital.

From the entire process, standards, certification, inspection finds that the effective use of these links is closely linked to the Government.

In addition, the establishment of uniform technical standards to ensure the effectiveness of medical information, especially in the discussions.

Uniform technical standards is to promote the efficient operation of the Foundation. The industry that, faced with numerous information systems of complex data, the difficulty of establishing uniform standards lies in how to implement the interchange between different systems.

Spent on it, not the hospital initiative

And other countries compared to the same scale of hospital, China hospital in the area of medical information is still at the embryonic stage.

However, although it cannot be compared with developed countries, but the Chinese medical information starting point but not lower than developed countries.

These results show that at present in China 1000 level III hospital, computers equipped with ratios in the world is not a very backward.

Moreover, more than 90% of the County and county hospitals have established a registration fee, pharmaceutical equipment, medical management, and other content of the hospital management information system; 1/3 or more hospital has established a patient-centered, electronic case for the integration of information systems.

Chinese Hospital Association information Commission investigation revealed that at the tertiary hospital, application testing fee system, drug management system and registration system of the proportion reached 93%, 91% and 84%; application of hospitalization workstation system and hospital workstation system ratio reached 80% and 63%; over the past three years, half of the tertiary hospital Informationization construction investment exceeds 100 million.

Multiple data show Chinese medical informatization progress quickly and clearly, the effort is significant.

With this procedure inadequate investment promotion, and also became a problem.

The Ministry of health information technology expert group expert Professor Lee holds them pointed out that China's Hospital should have annual revenue of 10% to 20% and get back to your medical information to first-tier cities to plan, annual revenue reaches $ 2 billion in three hospitals, at least to invest $ 20 million for information.

The current Chinese medical informatization also relies primarily on hospitals and Government support is not enough.

To do this, engage in medical information in an enterprise that medical information of the current major dilemma lies in the small and large output, input of medical institutions have yet to see the information of the necessity and benefits, therefore, to mobilize the enthusiasm of the hospital to become critical.

In the foreign-funded enterprises, China medical information market although not to the blooming season, but its potential is considerable demand.

It is reported, Microsoft, Dell, IBM, Philips, ESRI, and other multinational companies have been aimed at the China medical information fields, rolling up arrangement for Chinese market.

Family-oriented remote health monitoring medical system design

1 introduction of telemedicine care refers to the remote network through communication of physiological and medical signal transmission to the monitoring Center for analysis, and gives diagnosis views of a technical means.

He is with the computer technology, the development of modern communication technologies and development. Computer technology and the development of modern communications for remote medical services both new opportunities and makes it available through the application of computer technology and modern communication and achieve personal and hospital, the hospital and the Hospital of medical information of remote transmission and monitoring, remote consultation, medical first aid, remote medical education and communication, etc. With family-oriented remote medical health surveillance is equipped with advanced appropriate medical equipment conditions, millions of households and health care institutions, medical patients into the family, at home in the implementation of monitoring, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and health all-in a new telemedicine mode. Remote patient monitoring has become increasingly a matter of great concern. Its rapid development has a strong background of social reality:

(1) as the environment pollution intensifies, people, lifestyle changes, work pressure, threats to human health disorders also appeared in the new situation.

Malignant diseases and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and malignant neoplastic has become a threat to human health, the number one killer.

(2) along with the improvement of living standards, health conditions improve, increasing human life extension, ageing trend is clear.

(3) the development of modern communication technology, especially in mobile communication technology and Internet technology is developing rapidly as a remote monitoring provides strong technical support.

This new telemedicine model is a very important technology, and has many advantages.

First he greatly facilitates the majority of patients, especially some special populations, such as: mobility handicapped patients and patients suffering from chronic elderly need to periodically check for pregnant women and children, need to review the long term illness patients with chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, heart disease), away from the hospital transportation of patients. Secondly this new telemedicine model also effectively reduces the workload of the hospital, outpatient department can concentrate on critical intensive and difficult diseases, effectively configure and use limited medical resources, as the pace of life in urban tension of time providing a family health care anywhere, anytime. People carry wireless sensing devices can move freely, in a familiar environment time monitoring their physiological parameters without having to go to the hospital. He not only to secondary treatment, the patients ' condition suddenly deteriorated to the police. Medical staff can remotely monitor Center observation of the patient's health status and provide real-time diagnosis and recommendations, or long-term care to patients. On the other hand, to the remote monitoring healthy population, can also be found on the early symptoms of disease, so as to achieve health and prevent disease.

This design is a new network-monitoring devices and systems, based on wireless sensor network technology, the sensor acquisition parameters of human health.

These analog signal processing circuits through front to enter the digital signal microcontroller, through wireless data transmission and computer universal serial bus interface into the PC, the Internet is sent to the remote monitoring Center for professional medical staff provides a variety of important changes in physiological parameters. And then by its statistical observation data, provide the necessary consulting services, implementation of telemedicine. Aim is to use high-frequency wireless multi-channel data transmission, transmission of medical sensor and monitoring and control instruments for information between the monitoring equipment, reduce and medical sensor, allows the guardian to have more free space.

2 system structure

Family-oriented remote health monitoring medical system is mainly composed by 2: remote sensing system for medical equipment and communications delivery system.

Remote sensing system of medical devices is collecting information on the user's physical state, as networked home appliances for physiological monitoring, physical therapy, remote monitoring system must be stable, reliable, a certain post function, simple operation. From the patient's safety perspective, the use of proven, reliable technology, and as far as possible and ready-to-system compatibility and sharing data and, if required, be extended. And communication technologies for the implementation of telemedicine to provide strong technical support, depending on the application of telemedicine in the transfer of information and real-time performance requirements, you can use instead of communication technology. This article was previously published under family-oriented health care system, a wireless sensor network data transfer to a variety of monitoring devices and computers and remote trunk communication network of the primary connection method. And cable transmission compared to his advantage is:

(1) has sufficient speed to meet the transfer of data between devices;

(2) have a very good scalability and system equipment to increase or decrease will not affect other equipment in use;

(3) has a good adaptability, portability and mobility that are not subject to the constraints of physical environment.

This article is designed for monitoring system by monitoring base station and sensor nodes form a miniature monitoring network; sensor node on the consumer's life indicators data acquisition via wireless communication method to send data to the monitoring station, and from the base station transmit data to the connected PC through the Internet network can transfer data to the remote medical care center, by professional medical personnel statistical observation data, provide the necessary consulting services, implementation of telemedicine.

Users also can pass personal data to the PC for the acquisition of a preliminary analysis, and through computer given a preliminary judgment to take emergency measures.

Medical biological sensor nodes can set different needs, so the system has the flexibility and extensibility. At the same time, the system received Internet network, to form larger community health care network, hospital networks and the whole city and the nation's health care network. Figure 1-oriented system map.

3 monitoring sensor nodes and the monitoring base station design

P > sensor node used for measuring physiological parameters, data via wireless sensor network routing to the base station. The network of the required sensor nodes can be expanded as required. Figure 2 is a sensor node block diagram for node sortable by sensors, signal conditioning circuits, processors, wireless communications module has four main parts. Which wireless communication module is the key to achieving wireless monitor.

Base station unit can capture and display the test data, and to make the exception to the police.

If necessary, data will automatically be sent to the remote monitoring center, seek medical advice and help. Therefore the system of monitoring base station equipment is designed as a portable device, while monitoring base station equipment and systems for multiple sensor node to communicate with complete data acquisition and display functions. In the course of using, monitoring base station equipment through wireless channel to sensor node sends control command to start sensor nodes, sensor node receives a command after the corresponding data collection actions collecting human physiological indicators after the end of the collection of data through wireless communication by returning the data to the monitoring station, by monitoring base station for further display, storage, and so on. The base station's main components include user interface module, wireless communications module, alarm module and data transmission module. And remote monitoring center of communication can depending on your application needs, choose the network construction. Figure 3 diagram of the base station.

Wireless communication module mainly completed and sensor data interaction between nodes.

Base station through the serial port, USB and network adapter to access the local computer, and then transferred via the Internet to the remote monitoring center. Monitoring base station equipment in normal working state use the battery to supply power, therefore during the design process with particular attention to the low-power management and control. At the moment is not working, the system enters the low power consumption and hibernation to save energy.

4 user self-diagnostics system design

In this system, the PC is not only a responsibility for the network server and client login and doctor in real time communication tool.

He also serves as a very important task, namely to provide a custom diagnostic information to the database and to achieve self diagnosis function.

Diagnostic system's main function is to put the sensor acquisition to body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and other data sent to the hospital data before a preliminary analysis.

In the end a set of signal processing analysis and calculated corresponding human information data, data on the human judgement whether data is sent out, and user-end diagnostic software also provides a similar role with expert system for diagnosis of white, available to the user reference. Figure 4 is a self-diagnostic system flowchart.

5 conclusion

Remote monitoring using sensor technology and modern communications technology to the patient's care from hospital to communication network reachable anywhere, enabling patients and clinics, clinics and hospitals or medical information transfer between.

Remote monitoring provides a way to be custodians of physiological parameters for continuous monitoring of remote object physiological functions of method, he shortened the doctor and the distance between the patients, doctors can these distant from the physiological information for patients and provide timely medical services, tele-monitoring system can not only improve the quality of life of elderly people, and able to capture the elderly onset aura, combined with important physiological parameters for remote monitoring, you can increase the level of home care in the elderly. This is access to a high standard of medical services and emergency first aid support. Remote monitoring system which conforms to the information society development and people's health care needs of the production and development. As information technology continues to develop, the form will be more diverse, wireless, mobile and sensor technology integration and miniaturization wireless smart sensor network is bound to a remote monitoring system development brings new breakthroughs.

Applied to various systems of ultrasonic imaging analog front-end design (1)

Ultrasonic imaging is a widely used method for medical imaging.

Traditional ultrasound imaging system uses the frequency of 2 ~ 15MHz, precision level to mm, and has been widely used in the diagnosis of fetal monitoring, and visceral disease, etc. Over the past 20 years, traditional tabletop ultrasonic system leads the medical ultrasound applications, this is because the ultrasonic system channel huge and signal handling a large quantity. Aging population, rising health care costs and the needs of emerging economies, led to innovative medical solutions to the growing demand.

Small size, low power and high-performance ultrasonic analog front end (AFE) and DSP is ultrasonic products manufacturers need.

More importantly, ultrasonic products manufacturers want a common to all kinds of system design, which allows the shortest of their development cycle and time to market, process.

Ultrasonic system structure

Ultrasonic system due to its functionality and performance.

For example, some high-end systems typically have 3D, 4D and harmonic imaging mode, while some low-end systems may only 2D B mode imaging and Doppler imaging mode. The main functional difference depends on the number of back-end. High-end ultrasonic system requires more, faster high-end DSP computational resources calls, thereby achieving near real-time signal processing. Obviously, in the high-end and portable systems share the signal processing unit. However, ignore the different performance requirements, ultrasonic systems generally have a similar reception channel.

As shown in Figure 1, ultrasonic systems receive analog front end by common modules, such as: low noise amplifier (LNA), time gain control (TGA) amplifier, voltage-controlled amplifier (VCA), programmable gain amplifier (PGA), low-pass filter as well as analog-digital converter (ADC).

In any case, the AFE's performance will greatly affect the performance of the entire system. Therefore, as long as the PIN to pin compatible packaging exists to meet the different performance requirements of AFE product, AFE design can be standardized, and various system be reused. This standardization in low-end system easily, such systems without special analog signal conditioning.

Figure 1 ultrasonic system chart

However, most of the AFE products meet ultrasonic product manufacturers of such requirements.

Therefore, you must select a separate chip to meet the CCM, and the various desktop system performance requirements. For example, desktop systems may allow a higher power, but had to lower noise and vice versa, so must be redesigned.

Some such as TI AFE5805 AFE devices maintain a novel of the same PIN.

The target application is portable and desktop of ultrasonic systems. PIN to pin compatible to allow ultrasonic products manufacturers to significantly save costs and speed to market of standardized design and AFE design innovative products.

Analog front end features and system performance relationship

Should always keep in mind designing ultrasonic system is a complex matter, and the characteristics of each of the AFE will affect the performance of the entire system.

For each system type balance select various parameters of capacity no doubt is an art.

Portable ultrasound system, power consumption is a key factor.

Low power consumption means lower battery provides a longer run time. However, it will affect other parameters, for example, the input signal range, enter the equivalent noise, harmonic distortion, although the performance is usually for portable (low-end) system is acceptable.

In addition to the power consumption, noise is ultrasonic AFE system designers need to consider the second factor.

Ultrasonic transducer for received signal level may 10 μ P V P ~ changes between 1VPP. To be able to detect the signal, the system, the higher the sensitivity. Input equivalent current and input equivalent voltage noise affects the system sensitivity. In General, 0.7 ~ 1.5nV/rt (Hz) (RTI) noise parameters are used to from high-end to low-end systems.

Some specific system application confirmed these noise parameters is sufficient to produce high-quality images.

Although you can use a more low-noise amplifier, but its ultimate ultrasonic image quality does not improve significantly because of the need to consider the input equivalent current noise and transmit/receive (T/R) switching noise. In addition to the input equivalent voltage noise, flicker noise (i.e. 1/f noise) imaging applications. In the mixing of continuous wave (CW) mode, low frequency noise spectrum moves to the carrier frequency, which reduces the relative frequency of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). With white noise performance of the amplifier is superior to its broad operating frequency.

Long-awaited China medical reform introduced in the new programme will

"Saviors" new health reform programme is expected to be announced in January 2009.

Including medical insurance, essential drugs, primary medical care system, public service equalization, public hospitals, five of the reform of the supporting programme will also be at the "debut".

The Communist Party Secretary of the Ministry of health, Ministry of health before high-strength development of concrete, clear, with operations of the three-year programme recently implemented with new health reform programme together.

Called "new health reform programme" of the deepening of the medical and health system reform Act (draft) published on October 14, only a month to receive comments and suggestions are more than thousand articles.

This programme can resolve "the difficulty and high cost of" a social focus.

Health reform coordination group experts revealed: the revised new health reform programme has not changed the basic guiding principles, a clear government financial investment in health in focus areas are public health, rural health and rural health development; while the specific content of the adjustment is not great; including essential medicines and hospital reform is key.

The new programme will publish national essential medicines list, determine the varieties and quantities, the establishment of the production system, unified price, bidding fixed-point production or centralized purchasing, direct distribution, proportionate provisions of hospitals.

Public hospital reform of the guiding principles are "separating, MO apart."

In the comments, some parts of the pilot study has quietly, Guangdong, Shenzhen, Shaoguan and Zhanjiang start canceling public hospitals through the addition of 15 per cent.

Started in 1978 health reform, China experienced health insurance reform, implementation of the reform of the "property" and reflection and reconstruction phases.

In the meantime, the Ministry of health has proposed that the Government only some public hospitals and other medical institutions of market reform. However in 2003 "SARS" crisis of the bitter lessons and 2004 published by the national health service survey report confirms that people "expensive, difficult," and other practical contradictions, changed the guiding idea of health reform.

In May 2005, the Ministry of health, stated: "the market of non-medical reform direction" medical reform aims to construct a benefit "national" medical security platform.

Since then, the national launch in town resident medical insurance, and the decision in February this year, the pilot cities from last year, 88 expanded to more than half of the country, the city is the "block" in the medical insurance network in the town of non-residents and the urban employees enjoy medical insurance.

At the same time, in the establishment of rural universal new CMS, currently covering a metres, of more than seven million County farmers a doctor can be reimbursed, the country has had nine million passengers enjoy medical compensation amounting to $ 91 billion yuan.

Next year the new CMS will achieve comprehensive coverage and financing standards from $ 50 per person per year to 100 RMB, in which the Government grants standard raise to $ 80 by $ 40.

Some experts claim that China's basic medical insurance, basic medical insurance in town resident and new CMS has been realized on the full coverage and rural residents, the formation of the basic medical insurance system, but the national framework are still fails the second servicers, not to any medical care.

In addition, to improve health care resource layout, narrowing the gap between medical facilities, enhance the technical level of the medical quality supervision are still faces many problems and difficulties, "the new health reform programme" to go forward.

Medical electronic eye: Biosensor research priorities (1)

First, the origin of biological sensors

The 60 's of the 20th century, Updike and Hicks to glucose oxidase (GOD) immobilized membranes and oxygen electrode assembly, first made the first bio-sensors, i.e. glucose enzyme electrode.

To the 80 's biosensor research area has been formed. Its flagship event is: in 1985, the International Journal of bio-sensors "magazine in the United Kingdom; 1987 biosensor classics at Oxford publishing; in 1990, the first World Congress on biosensors to convene, and Singapore. Bio-sensor is a very active area of research and engineering, it and bioinformatics, biochips, biological Cybernetics, bionics and bio-computer sciences, Department of life science and information science in interdisciplinary areas. Their common characteristic is: explore and reveal the life system information of production, storage, transmission, processing, conversion and control, the basic rule on applied to basic human economic activities. Biosensor technology research focuses: widely used various bioactive materials combined with sensors, research and development have the recognition of the transducer, and manufacture of new types of analytical instruments and analytical methods of original technology, research and development of their application. Biosensor applications of bioactive material objects include biological molecules, cells, organelles, tissue, organ, etc, as well as synthetic molecularly imprinted polymers (molecularlyim2priniedpolymer, MIP). Due to the study of DNA or protein molecular recognition technology has developed biochip (DNA Microarrays, protein chip) independent subject areas.

Test substances by diffusion effect into bioactive materials, molecular recognition, the biological response, produce information then is the appropriate physical or chemical transducer into quantifiable and can handle the signal, then the secondary instrument amplification and output, we can know be measured concentration.